Lab 11.1

1a) The penny wrapped in the steel was less corroded than the unwrapped one.
1b) Sacrificial metal.
1c) Electrons are being taken away from the copper which means it can't be oxidized anymore.

2) Corrosion is happening because the iron nails are taking the electrons from the aluminum and causing a reaction that causes the aluminum to ionize.

3) It would have prevented the flow of electrons to travel to the aluminum

4) Corrosion is a process that takes place when essential properties within a given material begin to deteriorate, after exposure to elements that recur within the environment. Most often, this deterioration is noticed in metals and referred to as rust. What happens in this case is the chemical reactions  that are set up by an exposure of the electrons in the metal to the presence of water and oxygen.

Enrichment:
4Al+  3 O2 --> 2 Al2O3 (aluminum has oxidized and oxygen has reduced)
3 Fe + 2 Al+3 --> 2 Al + 3 Fe+2 (aluminum reduced back to zero and iron has been oxidized)

Lab 11.2

A) The ion that is present during a reaction but does not undergo a change and it is on both sides of the reaction
B)  Silver
C) Magnesuim

2) The Y 2+ ion wants to react with something that higher on the list.

3
a) The reactivity series or activity series is a series of metals, in order of reactivity from highest to lowest.
b) You can figure out which has higher or lower reactivity and which ones want to react with which one.

4)The last four react better and are less common to be found for that reason.

5)Smelting is a form of extractive metallurgy; its main use is to produce a metal. This includes iron extraction from iron ore, and copper extraction and other base metals from the ores. 

Enrichment: Silver nitrate, is affected by light and dark depending on the intensity of light on its solution, and it used in photography in a sensitive film to light fall on it through the lens of the camera, and the film must be treated in a dark room in a process to develop the pictures by using different solutions, lastly they fixed the pics by sodium thiosulphate, by the way silver nitrate solution is used as an old hair dye and the color depends on the concentration.

Lab 10.3

The measurements that I took varied a lot, I was surprised in the amount of variation because I thought that the measurements would be much closer.  I think that if we measured more precisely it would make our trials more consistent across the board.
This is very important! because when temperatures go below freezing point celcius, the coolant needs to be able to run through the engine without freezing, freezing point depression allows it to not freeze even when temps are below 0, while it doesnt boil when temperatures are above 212 F.

Freezing point depression/boiling point elevation is caused by solute solvent bonding because the bonding makes it more difficult breaking apart the molecules. For example,H20+NaCl, the NaCl breaks apart and forms ions which disrupt the breaking apart of H20 molecules. So when H20 molecules are about to break with boiling or crystallize when freezing it takes a colder temperature to freeze and a warmer temp to boil because the NaCl gets in the way of these processes and makes it more difficult to boil and freeze at the normal temperature.

One real life example of colligative properties would be opening the top of a soda bottle, because when you take the cap off the pressure is lowered and the CO2 escapes, causing the soda to have a flat flavor.

Lab 10.2

The graph that I had and Table G had many similatiries; ours was not very accurate due to the lack of plots on the graph. Since there was only 10g of water, the KClO3 may have dissolved much quicker than it should have.
To make the KClO3 dissolve quicker, we increased the temperature of the solution by putting it on a hot plate. When surface area is increased, meaning we have to crush up the KCLO3 there is more room for collisions resulting in more effective ones.The solution was unsaturated when the KClO3 was undissolved at the bottom of the test tube and it was saturated when the KClO3 was dissolved.




Enrichment:A saturated solution is created when making rock candy. With water you add as much sugar as will dissolve, and then heat the water to dissolve more creating a solution that is supersaturated. After, you add the string into the water on where the candy will form. As the water cools the super saturated solution has more sugar in it than it can possibly hold. This causes the sugar to come out of the solution forming a precipitate which is the crystals of the rock candy.

Lab 10.1

1. The sugar and salt samples are polar because they were not soluble in hexane, and because they were both sulble in water and ethanol. 
2.The vegetable oil is the only non-polar sample because we found that it was soluble in hexane.
 3.We concluded that polarity in ethanol isn't not at a constant rate because it did not dissolve both non-polar or polar molecules at the same rate for a same amount of time.
 4.I would not expect ethanol to dissolve in any of the other two solutions because of its polarity.
 5.NH3: polar, soluble, insoluble. I2: non polar, insoluble, soluble. HCl: polar, soluble, insoluble.
6. The ionic materials are polar whereas hexane is non-polar, therefore the compounds dissolve together.

Enrichment:
I think only the carbon dioxide would dissolve because out of the three gases,due to the fact it's the only polar compound. Oxygen and carbon dioxide need to be able to dissolve in water for any life to live because it's what they use to breathe.

Blog 9.2

1) When HCl was added, the solution turned dark blue and shifted to the right.
2)When looking for the delta H, you can determine if it is exothermic or endothermic by looking at table I, so if there is a negative sign in the amount of kJ that means that the reaction is exthermic, and when there is a plus sign, that indicates that it is a endothermic reaction. You can determine this by looking at a potential energy chart.
3) Table F says that when they react together they are insoluble.
When you add AgNO3, the reaction changed to a pink color and shifted to the left.

6) When the soda container was opened, the reaction shifts to the right since all the pressure from the closed can has been released and because the amount of CO2 is increasing inside of the can.

ENRICHMENT:
1) CO2
2) Shift to the right
3) The amount of CaCO3 decreases
4) The more panting results in a thinner shell because there is less CaCO3
5) Change the temp and this would take advantage of LeChateliers princple because you would be controlling the temp

Lab 9.1

1) The solution process was endothermic because there was no negative side meaning it absorbed heat rather than gave off heat.

2) The possible source of percent error could have been an error in measurement with the thermometer.

3a) The moles of solute would remain the same as for the q value and delta H value, they would both increase which would cause the liquid state of the solute to become greater.

3b) If you added less chemical, the moles of solute would be lower in number along with the q value. The delta H should remain the same.

3c) Your delta H and q value would increase, the number of moles would remain the same.

Enrichment!
The mist being sprayed on the trees is freezing instead of the oranges, they do this because it  helps prevent the oranges from eventually freezing up and dying off.