Lab 11.1

1a) The penny wrapped in the steel was less corroded than the unwrapped one.
1b) Sacrificial metal.
1c) Electrons are being taken away from the copper which means it can't be oxidized anymore.

2) Corrosion is happening because the iron nails are taking the electrons from the aluminum and causing a reaction that causes the aluminum to ionize.

3) It would have prevented the flow of electrons to travel to the aluminum

4) Corrosion is a process that takes place when essential properties within a given material begin to deteriorate, after exposure to elements that recur within the environment. Most often, this deterioration is noticed in metals and referred to as rust. What happens in this case is the chemical reactions  that are set up by an exposure of the electrons in the metal to the presence of water and oxygen.

Enrichment:
4Al+  3 O2 --> 2 Al2O3 (aluminum has oxidized and oxygen has reduced)
3 Fe + 2 Al+3 --> 2 Al + 3 Fe+2 (aluminum reduced back to zero and iron has been oxidized)

Lab 11.2

A) The ion that is present during a reaction but does not undergo a change and it is on both sides of the reaction
B)  Silver
C) Magnesuim

2) The Y 2+ ion wants to react with something that higher on the list.

3
a) The reactivity series or activity series is a series of metals, in order of reactivity from highest to lowest.
b) You can figure out which has higher or lower reactivity and which ones want to react with which one.

4)The last four react better and are less common to be found for that reason.

5)Smelting is a form of extractive metallurgy; its main use is to produce a metal. This includes iron extraction from iron ore, and copper extraction and other base metals from the ores. 

Enrichment: Silver nitrate, is affected by light and dark depending on the intensity of light on its solution, and it used in photography in a sensitive film to light fall on it through the lens of the camera, and the film must be treated in a dark room in a process to develop the pictures by using different solutions, lastly they fixed the pics by sodium thiosulphate, by the way silver nitrate solution is used as an old hair dye and the color depends on the concentration.

Lab 10.3

The measurements that I took varied a lot, I was surprised in the amount of variation because I thought that the measurements would be much closer.  I think that if we measured more precisely it would make our trials more consistent across the board.
This is very important! because when temperatures go below freezing point celcius, the coolant needs to be able to run through the engine without freezing, freezing point depression allows it to not freeze even when temps are below 0, while it doesnt boil when temperatures are above 212 F.

Freezing point depression/boiling point elevation is caused by solute solvent bonding because the bonding makes it more difficult breaking apart the molecules. For example,H20+NaCl, the NaCl breaks apart and forms ions which disrupt the breaking apart of H20 molecules. So when H20 molecules are about to break with boiling or crystallize when freezing it takes a colder temperature to freeze and a warmer temp to boil because the NaCl gets in the way of these processes and makes it more difficult to boil and freeze at the normal temperature.

One real life example of colligative properties would be opening the top of a soda bottle, because when you take the cap off the pressure is lowered and the CO2 escapes, causing the soda to have a flat flavor.