Electrolytes have to do with ionic bonding. When they have been disolved in water they conduct electricity. This is because they are charged ions and when they are broken apart they form electricity. Non-electrolytes do not conduct electricity because the ions are not charged, therefore no electricity can be formed. Electrolytes are an important part in our body. They help the body process electrical signals for communication. Electrolytes become ions that generate electrical signal to communicate with the brain, muscles, and nervous system.
An indicator works by changing color to determine if the substance is an acid or base. Depending on the indicator being used to color changes can mean different things.
Enrichment: Indicators really work by already having acids and bases in them,when more is added they change to either one color or the other (indicating if it is an acid or a base). Indicators are made up of two solutions, Hln and In, both of these have a distict color. This creates two possible reactions, depending on whether an acid or base was present in the solution.`
Neutralization reaction is when acids and bases combine to form a product of salt and water. This happens because the only thing making a solution acidic is H+1 ions and the only thing making a solution a base is (OH)-1 ions. So when these two are mixed they would bond together to make water (H2O). Since there are not any acid or bases around the pH would be 7 (neutral).
In order to determine which solution was which we used indicator Bromothymol blue. We put each solution into a different well on the test plate and then added the inicator to each one. From here we could determine which ones were acids and which were the bases.
Monday, January 31, 2011
Wednesday, January 26, 2011
Lab 6.1
1) All of my procedures were correct except for my Potassium Dichromate combined with the copper chloride I believe that the outcome for this was different from what was originally chosen because the two substances mixed didn't cause any precipitation to happen.
2) Something that is removed from waste water before it is proceeded back to nature is a pump. It gets all of the sediments out of the water. Sulfide is insoluble which means it is a precipitant.
2) Something that is removed from waste water before it is proceeded back to nature is a pump. It gets all of the sediments out of the water. Sulfide is insoluble which means it is a precipitant.
Sunday, January 9, 2011
Lab 5.1
In this lab, my group and I had to measure the rate a plastic container and its top, would fly off with a different amount of alka seltzer and vinegar. In order to get results, you would need to change the results; if you didn't do this, the results would remain the same. Student B had the best method for this experiment because unlike the other two students, student B changed the temperature variables in order to get different outcomes.
Each particle changed the rate because as the temperature increased, the time the cap came off was at a faster rate. As the temperature decreases, the cap comes off at a slower rate. The more vinegar that is added and the less alka seltzer that is added, causes the cap to come off at a slower rate because the alka seltzer is what triggers the whole experiment.I predicted that the higher the temperature, the faster the cap of the container would come off and the lower the temperature, the slower the cap of the container would come off.
Enrichment:
An example of a catalyst is the catalytic converter in a car. This is coated with platinum to reduce carbon monoxide emissions. Catalysts are used in an industry to speed up the rate of reaction.
Each particle changed the rate because as the temperature increased, the time the cap came off was at a faster rate. As the temperature decreases, the cap comes off at a slower rate. The more vinegar that is added and the less alka seltzer that is added, causes the cap to come off at a slower rate because the alka seltzer is what triggers the whole experiment.I predicted that the higher the temperature, the faster the cap of the container would come off and the lower the temperature, the slower the cap of the container would come off.
Enrichment:
An example of a catalyst is the catalytic converter in a car. This is coated with platinum to reduce carbon monoxide emissions. Catalysts are used in an industry to speed up the rate of reaction.
Tuesday, January 4, 2011
Lab 4.2
In blog 4.2, we observed the changes in the energy of the lauric acid as it changes from one phase to another when adding or decreasing kinetic energy.
Step 1) Obtain 5 grams of the lauric acid and put it into a single test tube.
Step 2) You then begin heating the beaker full of this substance and record the temperature every 25 seconds to get the most efficient results.
Step 3) Then, you put it in a beaker full of ice and recorded that data every few seconds to get the the top of the line results
Step 4) After all this is finished, we graphed the data and begin to observe the curves of those two experiments.
The melting point and freezing point on both graphs are relatively the same; but they were off by not very much. These two values should be the same because they both become a liquid at the end of the experiment.
Kinetic energy is the energy in a substance due to it's particle movements. In the heating curves graph it is increasing and in my cooling curves graph it is decreasing. Potential energy is the energy that a substance has due to the position it is in. My potential energy in my heating graph is increasing as it is decreasing in my cooling graph. This makes sense because when something heats up, the kinetic energy and potential energy increase because the particles are obtaining more energy.
Enrichment:
Lauric acids actual melting point is 44 degrees celsius. Mine was different because i must have miscalculated.
Lauric Acid is a fatty acid, CH3(CH2)10COOH, obtained chiefly from coconut and laurel oils and used in making soaps, cosmetics, esters, and lauryl alcohol. It is also used in many oils, humans milk, cows milk, and goats milk
Step 1) Obtain 5 grams of the lauric acid and put it into a single test tube.
Step 2) You then begin heating the beaker full of this substance and record the temperature every 25 seconds to get the most efficient results.
Step 3) Then, you put it in a beaker full of ice and recorded that data every few seconds to get the the top of the line results
Step 4) After all this is finished, we graphed the data and begin to observe the curves of those two experiments.
The melting point and freezing point on both graphs are relatively the same; but they were off by not very much. These two values should be the same because they both become a liquid at the end of the experiment.
Kinetic energy is the energy in a substance due to it's particle movements. In the heating curves graph it is increasing and in my cooling curves graph it is decreasing. Potential energy is the energy that a substance has due to the position it is in. My potential energy in my heating graph is increasing as it is decreasing in my cooling graph. This makes sense because when something heats up, the kinetic energy and potential energy increase because the particles are obtaining more energy.
Enrichment:
Lauric acids actual melting point is 44 degrees celsius. Mine was different because i must have miscalculated.
Lauric Acid is a fatty acid, CH3(CH2)10COOH, obtained chiefly from coconut and laurel oils and used in making soaps, cosmetics, esters, and lauryl alcohol. It is also used in many oils, humans milk, cows milk, and goats milk
Tuesday, December 14, 2010
Lab 4.1
) When there is a decrease in pressure it causes the volume of the balloon to increase because there is less air pressure. Particles inside of the balloon are moving at a fast rate, and are colliding rapidly which is what is causing the volume to increase because the pressure from the conditions outside and inside are colliding.
2) When you add more gas to a bottle the pressure will increase because as the pressure begins to rise, the molecules begin to collide with one another.
3) As the volume of a cylinder increases the pressure will remain the same because it has already reached the highest point in which that pressure can reach. If there is an equal amount of gas as before and your volume is increasing.
4) Increasing the pressure in a tire by adding more gas, will cause the volume to increase. As you increase the pressure inside of the tire, the tire begins to expand more causing it to have a higher volume from when it was deflated.
5) As the temperature of a closed container of water is increased, the amount of water vapor above the water causes an increase in vapor pressure. Increase in temperature, the more water that will be vaporized which means there will be more gas molecule collisions.
6) As the air pressure above a liquid is increased by adding more air, the boiling point of the liquid will decrease because the liquid substance is being vaporized so the boiling point is less.
7) If a balloon filled with air is taken under water to a depth of 10 feet, its volume will decrease because there are less molecules so there would be less air pressure under water.
8) The temperature of a beaker of boiling water will remain the same as more heat is added because water has reached its reached its potential energy level so it can't get any hotter. It either remains the same or cools down.
9) Hot air rises because it is less dense with the cool air around it. When there is more energy, the less dense it is so it will rise.
10) When heated, the volume occupied by air in a balloon will increase because the more molecules inside of the balloon and when it hits against the atmospheric pressure, the balloon begins to expand more and causes its volume to increase.
Enrichment:
In the picture of the tanker car, it was demolished because of the behavior of gas particles. When you flush the tank out with hot water, it caused more water vapor because of the temperature. As the temperature over night decreased, the water vapor decreased which caused a phase change from a gas to a liquid. With the water vapor pressure non-existent, the air pressure outside of the tank was able to to crush it because of the average kinetic energy of particles.
2) When you add more gas to a bottle the pressure will increase because as the pressure begins to rise, the molecules begin to collide with one another.
3) As the volume of a cylinder increases the pressure will remain the same because it has already reached the highest point in which that pressure can reach. If there is an equal amount of gas as before and your volume is increasing.
4) Increasing the pressure in a tire by adding more gas, will cause the volume to increase. As you increase the pressure inside of the tire, the tire begins to expand more causing it to have a higher volume from when it was deflated.
5) As the temperature of a closed container of water is increased, the amount of water vapor above the water causes an increase in vapor pressure. Increase in temperature, the more water that will be vaporized which means there will be more gas molecule collisions.
6) As the air pressure above a liquid is increased by adding more air, the boiling point of the liquid will decrease because the liquid substance is being vaporized so the boiling point is less.
7) If a balloon filled with air is taken under water to a depth of 10 feet, its volume will decrease because there are less molecules so there would be less air pressure under water.
8) The temperature of a beaker of boiling water will remain the same as more heat is added because water has reached its reached its potential energy level so it can't get any hotter. It either remains the same or cools down.
9) Hot air rises because it is less dense with the cool air around it. When there is more energy, the less dense it is so it will rise.
10) When heated, the volume occupied by air in a balloon will increase because the more molecules inside of the balloon and when it hits against the atmospheric pressure, the balloon begins to expand more and causes its volume to increase.
Enrichment:
In the picture of the tanker car, it was demolished because of the behavior of gas particles. When you flush the tank out with hot water, it caused more water vapor because of the temperature. As the temperature over night decreased, the water vapor decreased which caused a phase change from a gas to a liquid. With the water vapor pressure non-existent, the air pressure outside of the tank was able to to crush it because of the average kinetic energy of particles.
Thursday, November 11, 2010
Lab 3-1: Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
1.The properties of an Ionic Compound is:
-high melting point
-the are hard, due to their crystalline structure which is a unique arrangement of atoms -in a solid.
-is a strong conductor when dissolved in a liquid.
2. Properties of Covalent Compounds:
-low melting point
-they exist at room temperature, as liquids or gases.
-doesn't conduct electricity when dissolved in a liquid.
-brittle
3. The elements that combine to form ionic compounds are metals and non metals. Ionic bonding happens when metals lose electrons to form positive ions, while the nonmetals gain electrons, which form negative ions, which creates a neutral charge. The bond occurs because of the attraction
4.Nonmetals that combine make covalent bonds. Electrons are shared to enable a molecule to be in a stable state with a valence electron of 8, which causes a stable octet.
5. Covalent bonds are not good conductors both as a solid, and when dissolved in a liquid, because they are made up of nonmetals; and nonmetals cannot conduct electricity anyway, so it is impossible to conduct anything as a sold.
2.Electrolytes are chemical substances which, when dissolved or lost in sweat, are missing the electrically charged particles or ions. When you exercise, you sweat, which causes you to lose electrolytes and the Gatorade restores them.
3. Electrolytes help your body function optimally, sending the correct messages through your fluid and across the cells. Muscles are contracting and relaxing, and nerve impulses sending the right directions out to parts of your body.
4. Sodium, potassium, or chloride, required by cells to regulate the electric charge and flow of water molecules across the cell membrane.
Lab 2-2 Bag of Ions and Periodic Table Chem Crunch
Part one!
The Periodic Table of Elements is arranged from left to right, it is organized on the basis of atomic numbers. Atomic Number is the number of protons( or electrons) present in a single atom. For example, Hydrogen has 1 proton ( 1 electron) present , it has the atomic number 1. The table is divided into 18 groups and 7 rows in increasing order of atomic numbers. Due to this systematic organization it is easily possible to determine the different properties of each element.
The reason the periodic table is the shape that it is has to do with the electronic configurations of the elements. The periodic table is arranged so that all the elements in each period (row) have similar electronic configurations to the other elements in that period. That also often means that elements in the same group (column) show similar chemical reactivity. Electrons in atoms are arranged in different orbits. Elements in the same group all have the same number of electrons.
Part two!
-Atoms and Ions of the same element have the same number of protons, which means they have the same atomic number.
-Atoms have a neutral charge, but an ion has an a positive or negative charge. An ion is trying to get to a perfect octet (which means the valence elections are eight) or two, which is a perfect duet, so it can be stable.
- The groups will help you figure out the charge of the ion. Many ions that are non metals will have a negative charge because you want to gain elections, and the noble gases will have a positive charge because they will need to lose electrons.
The Periodic Table of Elements is arranged from left to right, it is organized on the basis of atomic numbers. Atomic Number is the number of protons( or electrons) present in a single atom. For example, Hydrogen has 1 proton ( 1 electron) present , it has the atomic number 1. The table is divided into 18 groups and 7 rows in increasing order of atomic numbers. Due to this systematic organization it is easily possible to determine the different properties of each element.
The reason the periodic table is the shape that it is has to do with the electronic configurations of the elements. The periodic table is arranged so that all the elements in each period (row) have similar electronic configurations to the other elements in that period. That also often means that elements in the same group (column) show similar chemical reactivity. Electrons in atoms are arranged in different orbits. Elements in the same group all have the same number of electrons.
Part two!
-Atoms and Ions of the same element have the same number of protons, which means they have the same atomic number.
-Atoms have a neutral charge, but an ion has an a positive or negative charge. An ion is trying to get to a perfect octet (which means the valence elections are eight) or two, which is a perfect duet, so it can be stable.
- The groups will help you figure out the charge of the ion. Many ions that are non metals will have a negative charge because you want to gain elections, and the noble gases will have a positive charge because they will need to lose electrons.
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