Lab 9.1

1) The solution process was endothermic because there was no negative side meaning it absorbed heat rather than gave off heat.

2) The possible source of percent error could have been an error in measurement with the thermometer.

3a) The moles of solute would remain the same as for the q value and delta H value, they would both increase which would cause the liquid state of the solute to become greater.

3b) If you added less chemical, the moles of solute would be lower in number along with the q value. The delta H should remain the same.

3c) Your delta H and q value would increase, the number of moles would remain the same.

Enrichment!
The mist being sprayed on the trees is freezing instead of the oranges, they do this because it  helps prevent the oranges from eventually freezing up and dying off.

Lab 8.2

The more viscous oils are the ones that have a higher total number of carbons, which results as well in a higher total number of hydrogen atoms. This is because the the higher viscosity is directly related to the attractions of the molecules. In the lab we came to the conclusion that the higher the boiling point was of an element, the stronger the intermolecular attractions were as well. The larger the the molecules are the stronger the intermolecular attractions are.




Viscosity decreases with boiling point. This means that the liquid less likely to resist flow will have a lower boiling point. This is because of a weaker intermolecular attraction. In the lab, the Torch fuel has a density of 5.7 grams per milliliter, and motor oil has a density of 8 grams per ml. This shows that motor oil has a larger molar mass, and a graph shows us that it takes more energy to boil the torch fuel.

Lab 8.1

1) One error in this procedure was some of the sugar that you chewed disappeared along with little chunks of gum to make measurements decrease in number.Someone could think that the sugar is gone, and they weigh the gum, when really, some sugar is still a component of the gum. This is what probably happened when we performed our experiment, and what messed up the data in the experiment.

Enrichment:
1) Blogs help us look back on what we did in class, and what our procedures were in class. It's a very easy assignment, if you get it done on time. The only thing that should be considered is that some people do not have a computer or internet access at home. But otherwise I think the blog is an easier way to do the summary of your lab.

Lab 7.4

Elements in the same group share similar properties than elements in the same period. You know this because in the lab we saw that the elements that we in the same groups that had been tested turned out to have the same results.We have concluded that they are more similar than elements in the same group.
     Elements in the same group share the same number of valence electrons. ]Which leads to them having similar chemical properties. Because the amount of electrons, or the electron configuration had a big impact on on how elements differ. In groups, elements share the same number of valence electrons, which really means that they have the same amount of distance from the nucleus.
    

As an atom of sodium reacts with an atom of non-metal it loses the electrons. When this happens it becomes a positive ion. The electrical charge of the ion is +1. The soduim ions electron configuration becomes similar to the element neon. After the atom loses electrons and becomes an ion it becomes more stable.
    

Pure sodium can be obtained by mixing both NaCl and the right amount of CaCl to lower the melting point, this process produces  pure sodium metal.

7.3

1) Atomic radius of elements is a measure by the size of its atoms typical distance from the nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding cloud of  electrons. Because heavier elements have more particles in the nucleus (number of protons and number of neutrons), the nucleus would have a stronger attractions to the electrons, which would cause the radii to be smaller.

2) Electronegativity is a measure of the ability an atom has to attract electrons to it in a bonding situation. the larger the element, the less electronegativity the element has because the electrons are further away from the nucleus, and the harder it is for these elements to bond.

3) Ionization energy is a measure of the amount of energy needed in order to rip the most loosely held valence electron away from an atom.The non-metals are harder to strip an electron away than metals because non-metals want to gain electrons, whereas metals want to loose their electrons. Also generally top right non-metals have greater number of protons and electrons in their nucleus, so they hold a better attraction to their electrons.

4)Trends are referred to being periodic because periodic means how something goes in an order/pattern and happens in certain intervals, like the Periodic Table.

Lab 7.2

Using pennies as isotopes in our lab we didn't come across any problems. If the atomic mass of flourine is 18.99, this is because it's isotope Cl-19 is more abundant than Cl-17. These two isotopes share the same protons but a different number of neutrons.
       A mass spectrometer sperates and detects ions of slightly different masses, easily sperating different isotopes of an element. After the ions are seperated and measured they are displayed on a graph
      Inside a U-238 atom there are 92 protons and 146 neutrons. When the nucleus catches a moving neutron it splits into two(fissions) and when this happens energy is released in heat from, also throwing some neutrons. If enough of these are thrown off it can cause another atoms nuclei to split, creating a chain reaction. When this happens over and over again very large amounts of heat can be produced from amounts of uranium. In nuclear power plants machines can be run off of this process. 

Blog 7.1

I think that an elements spectrum is called it's fingerprint because like a fingerprint every spectrum is atleast slightly different and it is its own special thing. This helps us to determine which element is which, because none of them are identical. When atoms leave their ground state and enter their "excited state" they return back to their original ground state. When this happens light is omitted and depending on the elements electrons different colors.

     When an element is changing from it's ground state to an excited state the electrons absorb energy and move to higher energy levels. 

     Helium was originally discovered in the sun, before on earth.

     A red shift happens when light seen coming from an objects are increased in wavelengths, or shifted to the red side of the spectrum. A blue shift happens when there is a decrease in the wavelength and it becomes shifted towards the blue side of the spectum. Because of the increasing wavelengths in red shifts the distances of the objects are becoming larger and this is creating the universe to expand.